Emerging Field of ‘Ecotech’ Harnesses Nature-Based Innovation

Inspired by how ecosystems function, experts aim to create scalable solutions to urgent environmental, social and economic challenges

An artificial reef under the sea
This artificial reef was engineered to attract fish and support the growth of disease-resistant corals. Created by reef restoration specialist Wholome Arks, the device illustrates ecotech in action. Photo by Ty Roach

This is a summary of a story written by Julie Leibach on Nicholas School of the Environment.

Picture this ocean view: Above the sea surface, a collection of wind turbines generate renewable energy. Below the surface, a thriving coral reef has evolved amid a turbine foundation fashioned from reef-friendly materials. Meanwhile, scientists monitor the ecosystem to gauge the effects of the wind farm on marine biodiversity. 

This scenario is one possible outcome of ecotech, or ecosystem technology, a field that draws inspiration from nature to solve pressing environmental and societal challenges. By studying how species operate within, and are affected by, their environments, scientists can develop technologies that benefit people and the planet.

Duke researchers are helping define and shape this emerging field, which seeks to accelerate innovations that can support climate resilience, biodiversity conservation, sustainable resource management, and economic development while maintaining healthy ecosystems. 

The team described this field, and potential hurdles, in a recent paper.  

“Ecotech can … help improve almost any industry, from agriculture, to urban planning, to manufacturing, to national defense to healthcare,” says lead author Brian Silliman, a marine conservation biologist at the Nicholas School of the Environment.

By integrating approaches from biology, engineering and earth sciences, ecotech could drive economic growth by creating new markets for restoration businesses and technologies, ecological and urban monitoring systems and ecosystem‑inspired infrastructure. 

At the same time, Silliman and colleagues emphasize the importance of responsible innovation. Drawing lessons from biotechnology, they advocate for governance frameworks that promote transparency, equity and environmental stewardship as the field continues to grow.

“Humanity is entering an era where our survival depends on maintaining and increasing functional ecosystems,” Silliman says. “By treating ecosystems as engines of innovation and life-sustaining functions rather than passive resources to exploit, [we can chart] a pathway toward a more resilient and sustainable future.”